Amniotic fluid is a crucial medium for the survival of the fetus during pregnancy. Its primary function is to cushion external abdominal pressure or impact, preventing direct harm to the fetus. Since the fetus is surrounded by amniotic fluid, you might wonder how it breathes inside the womb. Before birth, the fetus does not use its lungs to obtain oxygen; the lungs are solid during this stage and cannot perform respiratory functions. Instead, the fetus acquires oxygen and nutrients and excretes waste through the umbilical cord and placenta, which connect it to the mother. In the placenta, the blood vessels of the mother and child intertwine, allowing for the free exchange of substances like oxygen and carbon dioxide. Before birth, the baby does not need to breathe on its own in the mother's womb, as the umbilical cord supplies oxygenated blood. After birth, when the umbilical cord is cut, the newborn's lungs expand with the first cry, initiating independent breathing. The baby then begins to use its lungs to obtain oxygen from the air.
From the 11th week of pregnancy, fetal breathing movements can be observed via ultrasound. By the 13th to 14th week, these movements are quite pronounced. Regular hospital check-ups can monitor the fetus's breathing condition. During pregnancy, it's important to maintain routine prenatal care, monitor fetal movements, and conduct fetal heart rate monitoring to ensure a smooth delivery. If the placenta ages, its oxygen supply function diminishes, or issues like knotted, twisted, or nuchal umbilical cords occur, the fetus may experience hypoxia in the womb. In such cases, the fetus's breathing becomes more pronounced and gasping-like, and amniotic fluid mixed with meconium can enter the alveolar spaces, increasing the risk of asphyxia or aspiration pneumonia. Immediate medical attention is then necessary. Additionally, maintaining a clean, well-ventilated living environment during pregnancy can help ensure smooth breathing and adequate oxygen supply, contributing to the healthy development of the child.
